PerfMonAuditor.cpp

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/***********************************************************************************\
* (c) Copyright 1998-2019 CERN for the benefit of the LHCb and ATLAS collaborations *
*                                                                                   *
* This software is distributed under the terms of the Apache version 2 licence,     *
* copied verbatim in the file "LICENSE".                                            *
*                                                                                   *
* In applying this licence, CERN does not waive the privileges and immunities       *
* granted to it by virtue of its status as an Intergovernmental Organization        *
* or submit itself to any jurisdiction.                                             *
\***********************************************************************************/
#include "GaudiKernel/Auditor.h"
#include "GaudiKernel/HashMap.h"
#include "GaudiKernel/IIncidentListener.h"
#include "GaudiKernel/IIncidentSvc.h"
#include "GaudiKernel/IToolSvc.h"
#include "GaudiKernel/MsgStream.h"
#include "GaudiKernel/VectorMap.h"
 
/*BEGIN: perfmon*/
#include <cstring>
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <perfmon/pfmlib.h>
#include <perfmon/pfmlib_core.h>
#include <perfmon/pfmlib_intel_nhm.h>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
 
#include <perfmon/perfmon.h>
#include <perfmon/perfmon_dfl_smpl.h>
 
 
 
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <getopt.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/ptrace.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <zlib.h>
 
#include "IgHook_IgHookTrace.h"
#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#include <list>
#include <stack>
#include <sys/stat.h>
 
// dlopen (link with -ldl)
#include <dlfcn.h>
 
#define MAX_EVT_NAME_LEN 256
#define NUM_PMCS PFMLIB_MAX_PMCS
#define NUM_PMDS PFMLIB_MAX_PMDS
#define FMT_NAME PFM_DFL_SMPL_NAME
#define BPL ( sizeof( uint64_t ) << 3 )
#define LBPL 6
 
#define SYM_NAME_MAX_LENGTH 10000
#define MAX_OUTPUT_FILENAME_LENGTH 1024
#define MAX_EVENT_NAME_LENGTH 500
#define MAX_PREFIX_NAME_LENGTH 1024
#define FILENAME_MAX_LENGTH 1024
 
#define MAX_NUMBER_OF_PROGRAMMABLE_COUNTERS 4
 
#define cpuid( func, ax, bx, cx, dx )                                                                                  \
  __asm__ __volatile__( "cpuid" : "=a"( ax ), "=b"( bx ), "=c"( cx ), "=d"( dx ) : "a"( func ) );
 
static pfarg_pmd_t         pd_smpl[NUM_PMDS];
static uint64_t            collected_samples, collected_partial;
static int                 ctx_fd;
static pfm_dfl_smpl_hdr_t* hdr;
static uint64_t            ovfl_count;
static size_t              entry_size;
static unsigned int        num_smpl_pmds;
static std::vector<std::map<std::string, std::map<unsigned long, unsigned int>>>
    samples( MAX_NUMBER_OF_PROGRAMMABLE_COUNTERS ); // a map of modules each containing numbers of samples of their
                                                    // addresses
static std::vector<std::map<std::string, std::vector<unsigned long int>>>
    results( MAX_NUMBER_OF_PROGRAMMABLE_COUNTERS ); // a map of modules and their result values across multiple events
static uint64_t last_overflow;
static uint64_t last_count;
static int      sp[MAX_NUMBER_OF_PROGRAMMABLE_COUNTERS];
 
static std::stack<std::pair<INamedInterface*, std::vector<unsigned long int>>> alg_stack;
/*END: perfmon*/
 
namespace {
  template <typename T>
  inline T function_cast( void* p ) {
    union {
      void* object;
      T     function;
    } caster;
    caster.object = p;
    return caster.function;
  }
  class PFMon {
  public:
    bool loaded;
    typedef void ( *pfm_stop_t )( int );
    pfm_stop_t pfm_stop{ nullptr };
    typedef void ( *pfm_self_stop_t )( int );
    pfm_self_stop_t pfm_self_stop{ nullptr };
    typedef os_err_t ( *pfm_restart_t )( int );
    pfm_restart_t pfm_restart{ nullptr };
    typedef int ( *pfm_read_pmds_t )( int, pfarg_pmd_t*, int );
    pfm_read_pmds_t pfm_read_pmds{ nullptr };
    typedef pfm_err_t ( *pfm_initialize_t )();
    pfm_initialize_t pfm_initialize{ nullptr };
    typedef pfm_err_t ( *pfm_find_full_event_t )( const char*, pfmlib_event_t* );
    pfm_find_full_event_t pfm_find_full_event{ nullptr };
    typedef pfm_err_t ( *pfm_dispatch_events_t )( pfmlib_input_param_t*, void*, pfmlib_output_param_t*, void* );
    pfm_dispatch_events_t pfm_dispatch_events{ nullptr };
    typedef os_err_t ( *pfm_create_context_t )( pfarg_ctx_t*, char*, void*, size_t );
    pfm_create_context_t pfm_create_context{ nullptr };
    typedef os_err_t ( *pfm_write_pmcs_t )( int, pfarg_pmc_t*, int );
    pfm_write_pmcs_t pfm_write_pmcs{ nullptr };
    typedef os_err_t ( *pfm_write_pmds_t )( int, pfarg_pmd_t*, int );
    pfm_write_pmds_t pfm_write_pmds{ nullptr };
    typedef os_err_t ( *pfm_load_context_t )( int, pfarg_load_t* );
    pfm_load_context_t pfm_load_context{ nullptr };
    typedef os_err_t ( *pfm_start_t )( int fd, pfarg_start_t* );
    pfm_start_t pfm_start{ nullptr };
    typedef char* ( *pfm_strerror_t )( int );
    pfm_strerror_t pfm_strerror{ nullptr };
    typedef pfm_err_t ( *pfm_set_options_t )( pfmlib_options_t* );
    pfm_set_options_t pfm_set_options{ nullptr };
    typedef pfm_err_t ( *pfm_get_num_counters_t )( unsigned int* );
    pfm_get_num_counters_t pfm_get_num_counters{ nullptr };
    static PFMon&          instance() { return s_instance; }
 
  private:
    // static void failure() { throw 1; }
 
    void* handle;
 
    PFMon() {
      handle = dlopen( "libpfm.so", RTLD_NOW );
      if ( handle ) {
        loaded = true;
      } else {
        loaded = false;
      }
      if ( loaded ) {
        pfm_start            = function_cast<pfm_start_t>( dlsym( handle, "pfm_start" ) );
        pfm_stop             = function_cast<pfm_stop_t>( dlsym( handle, "pfm_stop" ) );
        pfm_self_stop        = function_cast<pfm_self_stop_t>( dlsym( handle, "pfm_stop" ) ); // it's the same
        pfm_restart          = function_cast<pfm_restart_t>( dlsym( handle, "pfm_restart" ) );
        pfm_read_pmds        = function_cast<pfm_read_pmds_t>( dlsym( handle, "pfm_read_pmds" ) );
        pfm_initialize       = function_cast<pfm_initialize_t>( dlsym( handle, "pfm_initialize" ) );
        pfm_find_full_event  = function_cast<pfm_find_full_event_t>( dlsym( handle, "pfm_find_full_event" ) );
        pfm_dispatch_events  = function_cast<pfm_dispatch_events_t>( dlsym( handle, "pfm_dispatch_events" ) );
        pfm_create_context   = function_cast<pfm_create_context_t>( dlsym( handle, "pfm_create_context" ) );
        pfm_write_pmcs       = function_cast<pfm_write_pmcs_t>( dlsym( handle, "pfm_write_pmcs" ) );
        pfm_write_pmds       = function_cast<pfm_write_pmds_t>( dlsym( handle, "pfm_write_pmds" ) );
        pfm_load_context     = function_cast<pfm_load_context_t>( dlsym( handle, "pfm_load_context" ) );
        pfm_strerror         = function_cast<pfm_strerror_t>( dlsym( handle, "pfm_strerror" ) );
        pfm_set_options      = function_cast<pfm_set_options_t>( dlsym( handle, "pfm_set_options" ) );
        pfm_get_num_counters = function_cast<pfm_get_num_counters_t>( dlsym( handle, "pfm_get_num_counters" ) );
      } else {
        // pfm_start = pfm_stop = pfm_self_stop = pfm_restart = pfm_read_pmds = pfm_initialize = pfm_find_full_event =
        // pfm_dispatch_events = pfm_create_context = pfm_write_pmcs = pfm_write_pmds = pfm_load_context = pfm_strerror
        // = pfm_set_options = pfm_get_num_counters = failure;
      }
    }
    ~PFMon() {
      if ( handle ) dlclose( handle );
    }
 
    static PFMon s_instance;
  };
 
  PFMon PFMon::s_instance;
} // namespace
 
// ============================================================================
// GaudiAlg
// ============================================================================
// ============================================================================
class PerfMonAuditor : virtual public Auditor {
public:
  void before( StandardEventType evt, INamedInterface* alg ) override;
  void after( StandardEventType evt, INamedInterface* alg, const StatusCode& sc ) override;
  using Auditor::after;
  using Auditor::before;
 
private:
  void i_beforeInitialize( INamedInterface* alg );
  void i_afterInitialize( INamedInterface* alg );
  void i_beforeExecute( INamedInterface* alg );
  void i_afterExecute( INamedInterface* alg );
 
public:
  StatusCode initialize() override;
  StatusCode finalize() override;
  int        is_nehalem() {
#ifdef __ICC
// Disable ICC remark #593: variable "x" was set but never used
#  pragma warning( push )
#  pragma warning( disable : 593 )
#endif
    int a, b, c, d;
    cpuid( 1, a, b, c, d );
    int sse4_2_mask = 1 << 20;
    if ( c & sse4_2_mask )
      return 1;
    else
      return 0;
#ifdef __ICC
#  pragma warning( pop )
#endif
  }
 
private:
  PFMon& m_pfm;
  /*
    typedef void (*pfm_stop_t)(int);
    pfm_stop_t pfm_stop;
    typedef void (*pfm_self_stop_t)(int);
    pfm_self_stop_t pfm_self_stop;
 
    typedef os_err_t (*pfm_restart_t)(int);
    pfm_restart_t pfm_restart;
 
    //typedef int (*pfm_read_pmds_t)(int, pfarg_pmd_t*, int);
    //pfm_read_pmds_t pfm_read_pmds;
 
    typedef pfm_err_t (*pfm_initialize_t)();
    pfm_initialize_t pfm_initialize;
    typedef pfm_err_t (*pfm_find_full_event_t)(const char *, pfmlib_event_t *);
    pfm_find_full_event_t pfm_find_full_event;
    typedef pfm_err_t (*pfm_dispatch_events_t)(pfmlib_input_param_t *, void *, pfmlib_output_param_t *, void *);
    pfm_dispatch_events_t pfm_dispatch_events;
    typedef os_err_t (*pfm_create_context_t)(pfarg_ctx_t *, char *, void *, size_t);
    pfm_create_context_t pfm_create_context;
    typedef os_err_t (*pfm_write_pmcs_t)(int, pfarg_pmc_t *, int);
    pfm_write_pmcs_t pfm_write_pmcs;
    typedef os_err_t (*pfm_write_pmds_t)(int, pfarg_pmd_t *, int);
    pfm_write_pmds_t pfm_write_pmds;
    typedef os_err_t (*pfm_load_context_t)(int, pfarg_load_t *);
    pfm_load_context_t pfm_load_context;
    typedef os_err_t (*pfm_start_t)(int fd, pfarg_start_t *);
    pfm_start_t pfm_start;
    typedef char* (*pfm_strerror_t)(int);
    pfm_strerror_t pfm_strerror;
    typedef pfm_err_t (*pfm_set_options_t)(pfmlib_options_t *);
    pfm_set_options_t pfm_set_options;
    typedef pfm_err_t (*pfm_get_num_counters_t)(unsigned int *);
    pfm_get_num_counters_t pfm_get_num_counters;
  */
 
public:
  PerfMonAuditor( const std::string& name, ISvcLocator* pSvc )
      : // standard constructor
      Auditor( name, pSvc )
      , m_pfm( PFMon::instance() )
      , m_map()
      , m_indent( 0 )
      , m_inEvent( false ) {
    is_nehalem_ret = is_nehalem();
    declareProperty( "EVENT0", event_str[0] );
    declareProperty( "EVENT1", event_str[1] );
    declareProperty( "EVENT2", event_str[2] );
    declareProperty( "EVENT3", event_str[3] );
    declareProperty( "FAMILY", family );
    declareProperty( "PREFIX", prefix );
    declareProperty( "INV0", inv[0] );
    declareProperty( "INV1", inv[1] );
    declareProperty( "INV2", inv[2] );
    declareProperty( "INV3", inv[3] );
    declareProperty( "CMASK0", cmask[0] );
    declareProperty( "CMASK1", cmask[1] );
    declareProperty( "CMASK2", cmask[2] );
    declareProperty( "CMASK3", cmask[3] );
    declareProperty( "SP0", sp[0] );
    declareProperty( "SP1", sp[1] );
    declareProperty( "SP2", sp[2] );
    declareProperty( "SP3", sp[3] );
    declareProperty( "SAMPLE", sampling );
    declareProperty( "START_AT_EVENT", start_at_event );
    declareProperty( "IS_NEHALEM", is_nehalem_ret );
 
    /*
    // loading functions from PFM library
      void* handle = dlopen("libpfm.so", RTLD_NOW);
        if (!handle) {
    //      error() << "Cannot open library: " << dlerror() << endmsg;
        }
      typedef void (*hello_t)();
        hello_t hello = (hello_t) dlsym(handle, "hello");
        if (!hello) {
    //        error() << "Cannot load symbol 'hello': " << dlerror() << endmsg;
            dlclose(handle);
        }
 
        pfm_start = (pfm_start_t) dlsym(handle, "pfm_start");
        pfm_stop = (pfm_stop_t) dlsym(handle, "pfm_stop");
        pfm_self_stop = (pfm_self_stop_t) dlsym(handle, "pfm_stop"); //it's the same
        pfm_restart = (pfm_restart_t) dlsym(handle, "pfm_restart");
        //pfm_read_pmds = (pfm_read_pmds_t) dlsym(handle, "pfm_read_pmds");
        pfm_initialize = (pfm_initialize_t) dlsym(handle, "pfm_initialize");
        pfm_find_full_event = (pfm_find_full_event_t) dlsym(handle, "pfm_find_full_event");
        pfm_dispatch_events = (pfm_dispatch_events_t) dlsym(handle, "pfm_dispatch_events");
        pfm_create_context = (pfm_create_context_t) dlsym(handle, "pfm_create_context");
        pfm_write_pmcs = (pfm_write_pmcs_t) dlsym(handle, "pfm_write_pmcs");
        pfm_write_pmds = (pfm_write_pmds_t) dlsym(handle, "pfm_write_pmds");
        pfm_load_context = (pfm_load_context_t) dlsym(handle, "pfm_load_context");
        pfm_strerror = (pfm_strerror_t) dlsym(handle, "pfm_strerror");
        pfm_set_options = (pfm_set_options_t) dlsym(handle, "pfm_set_options");
        pfm_get_num_counters = (pfm_get_num_counters_t) dlsym(handle, "pfm_get_num_counters");
        // use it to do the calculation
    //    info() << "Calling hello..." << endmsg;
    //    hello();
 
        // close the library
    //    info() << "Closing library..." << endmsg;
        dlclose(handle);
    */
 
  }
 
  virtual ~PerfMonAuditor() {} // virtual destructor
 
private:
  PerfMonAuditor();                                   // the default constructor is disabled
  PerfMonAuditor( const PerfMonAuditor& );            // copy constructor is disabled
  PerfMonAuditor& operator=( const PerfMonAuditor& ); // assignement operator is disabled
 
private:
  typedef GaudiUtils::VectorMap<const INamedInterface*, int> Map;
  Map                                                        m_map;
  int                                                        m_indent;  // indentation level
  bool                                                       m_inEvent; // "In event" flag
 
private:
  int is_nehalem_ret;
 
  pfmlib_input_param_t      inp;
  pfmlib_output_param_t     outp;
  pfarg_ctx_t               ctx;
  pfarg_pmd_t               pd[NUM_PMDS];
  pfarg_pmc_t               pc[NUM_PMCS];
  pfarg_load_t              load_arg;
  int                       fd;
  unsigned int              i;
  int                       ret{ 0 };
  void                      startpm();
  void                      pausepm();
  void                      stoppm();
  void                      finalizepm();
  std::string               event_str[MAX_NUMBER_OF_PROGRAMMABLE_COUNTERS];
  std::string               prefix;
  std::string               family;
  char                      event_cstr[MAX_NUMBER_OF_PROGRAMMABLE_COUNTERS][MAX_EVENT_NAME_LENGTH];
  char                      prefix_cstr[MAX_PREFIX_NAME_LENGTH];
  unsigned int              ph_ev_count{ 0 };
  bool                      inv[MAX_NUMBER_OF_PROGRAMMABLE_COUNTERS];
  unsigned int              cmask[MAX_NUMBER_OF_PROGRAMMABLE_COUNTERS];
  unsigned int              start_at_event;
  pfmlib_core_input_param_t params;
  pfmlib_nhm_input_param_t  nhm_params;
  int                       used_counters_number;
  bool                      nehalem;
  bool                      westmere;
  bool                      core;
 
  bool sampling;
  int  detect_unavail_pmu_regs( int fd, pfmlib_regmask_t* r_pmcs, pfmlib_regmask_t* r_pmds );
  int  detect_unavail_pmcs( int fd, pfmlib_regmask_t* r_pmcs ) { return detect_unavail_pmu_regs( fd, r_pmcs, NULL ); }
  void pfm_bv_set( uint64_t* bv, uint16_t rnum ) { bv[rnum >> LBPL] |= 1UL << ( rnum & ( BPL - 1 ) ); }
  int  pfm_bv_isset( uint64_t* bv, uint16_t rnum ) {
    return bv[rnum >> LBPL] & ( 1UL << ( rnum & ( BPL - 1 ) ) ) ? 1 : 0;
  }
  void pfm_bv_copy( uint64_t* d, uint64_t* j, uint16_t n ) {
    if ( n <= BPL )
      *d = *j;
    else {
      memcpy( d, j, ( n >> LBPL ) * sizeof( uint64_t ) );
    }
  }
  static void process_smpl_buf( pfm_dfl_smpl_hdr_t* hdr, size_t entry_size );
  static void sigio_handler( int, siginfo_t*, void* ); // dlopen ==>
  // void sigio_handler(int, struct siginfo *, struct sigcontext *);
  void               start_smpl();
  void               stop_smpl();
  void               finalize_smpl();
  pfm_dfl_smpl_arg_t buf_arg;
  pfarg_load_t       load_args;
  void*              buf_addr;
  unsigned           num_counters;
  unsigned int       max_pmd;
  pfmlib_options_t   pfmlib_options;
 
  int level;
 
  bool        first_alg;
  std::string first_alg_name;
  bool        event_count_reached;
};
 
void PerfMonAuditor::startpm() {
  memset( &ctx, 0, sizeof( ctx ) );
  memset( &inp, 0, sizeof( inp ) );
  memset( &outp, 0, sizeof( outp ) );
  memset( pd, 0, sizeof( pd ) );
  memset( pc, 0, sizeof( pc ) );
  memset( &load_arg, 0, sizeof( load_arg ) );
  memset( &params, 0, sizeof( params ) );
  memset( &nhm_params, 0, sizeof( nhm_params ) );
 
  for ( int i = 0; i < used_counters_number; i++ ) {
    ret = m_pfm.pfm_find_full_event( event_cstr[i], &inp.pfp_events[i] );
    if ( ret != PFMLIB_SUCCESS ) {
      error() << "ERROR: cannot find event: " << event_cstr[i] << ". Aborting..." << endmsg;
    }
  }
  inp.pfp_dfl_plm     = PFM_PLM3;
  inp.pfp_event_count = 4;
  for ( int i = 0; i < used_counters_number; i++ ) {
    if ( inv[i] ) {
      ( params.pfp_core_counters[i] ).flags |= PFM_CORE_SEL_INV;
      ( nhm_params.pfp_nhm_counters[i] ).flags |= PFM_NHM_SEL_INV;
    }
    if ( cmask[i] > 0 ) {
      ( params.pfp_core_counters[i] ).cnt_mask    = cmask[i];
      ( nhm_params.pfp_nhm_counters[i] ).cnt_mask = cmask[i];
    }
  }
  if ( nehalem || westmere ) {
    ret = m_pfm.pfm_dispatch_events( &inp, &nhm_params, &outp, NULL );
  } else {
    ret = m_pfm.pfm_dispatch_events( &inp, &params, &outp, NULL );
  }
  if ( ret != PFMLIB_SUCCESS ) {
    error() << "ERROR: cannot dispatch events: " << m_pfm.pfm_strerror( ret ) << ". Aborting..." << endmsg;
  }
  for ( unsigned int i = 0; i < outp.pfp_pmc_count; i++ ) {
    pc[i].reg_num   = outp.pfp_pmcs[i].reg_num;
    pc[i].reg_value = outp.pfp_pmcs[i].reg_value;
  }
  for ( unsigned int i = 0; i < outp.pfp_pmd_count; i++ ) {
    pd[i].reg_num   = outp.pfp_pmds[i].reg_num;
    pd[i].reg_value = 0;
  }
  fd = m_pfm.pfm_create_context( &ctx, NULL, 0, 0 );
  if ( fd == -1 ) { error() << "ERROR: Context not created. Aborting..." << endmsg; }
  if ( m_pfm.pfm_write_pmcs( fd, pc, outp.pfp_pmc_count ) == -1 ) {
    error() << "ERROR: Could not write pmcs. Aborting..." << endmsg;
  }
  if ( m_pfm.pfm_write_pmds( fd, pd, outp.pfp_pmd_count ) == -1 ) {
    error() << "ERROR: Could not write pmds. Aborting..." << endmsg;
  }
  load_arg.load_pid = getpid();
  if ( m_pfm.pfm_load_context( fd, &load_arg ) == -1 ) {
    error() << "ERROR: Could not load context. Aborting..." << endmsg;
    //  error() << "Could not read pmds" << endmsg;
  }
 
  m_pfm.pfm_start( fd, NULL );
}
 
// stoppm()
// const ModuleDescription& desc : description of the module that just finished its execution (we are only interested in
// its name)
// stops the counting calling pfm_stop() and stores the counting results into the "results" map
void PerfMonAuditor::stoppm() {
  m_pfm.pfm_stop( fd );
  if ( m_pfm.pfm_read_pmds( fd, pd, inp.pfp_event_count ) == -1 ) { error() << "Could not read pmds" << endmsg; }
  for ( int i = 0; i < used_counters_number; i++ ) {
    results[i][( alg_stack.top().first )->name()].push_back( alg_stack.top().second[i] + pd[i].reg_value );
  }
 
  close( fd );
}
 
void PerfMonAuditor::pausepm() {
  m_pfm.pfm_stop( fd );
  if ( m_pfm.pfm_read_pmds( fd, pd, inp.pfp_event_count ) == -1 ) { error() << "Could not read pmds" << endmsg; }
 
  for ( int i = 0; i < used_counters_number; i++ ) { alg_stack.top().second[i] += pd[i].reg_value; }
 
  close( fd );
}
 
// finalizepm()
// called when all the countings of the current event are finished, it dumps the results
// into the output file corresponding to the event being counted
void PerfMonAuditor::finalizepm() {
  info() << "start of finalizepm ucn:" << used_counters_number << endmsg;
  for ( int i = 0; i < used_counters_number; i++ ) {
    std::string filename = prefix_cstr;
    filename += '_';
    filename += event_cstr[i];
 
    for ( auto& c : filename )
      if ( c == ':' ) c = '-';
 
    if ( inv[i] ) filename += "_INV_1";
    if ( cmask[i] > 0 ) filename += "_CMASK_" + std::to_string( cmask[i] );
    filename += ".txt";
 
    info() << "Filename:" << filename << endmsg;
    FILE* outfile = fopen( filename.c_str(), "w" );
    if ( nehalem ) {
      fprintf( outfile, "NHM " );
    } else if ( westmere ) {
      fprintf( outfile, "WSM " );
    } else if ( core ) {
      fprintf( outfile, "CORE " );
    }
    fprintf( outfile, "%s %d %d %d\n", event_cstr[i], cmask[i], inv[i], sp[i] );
    for ( std::map<std::string, std::vector<unsigned long int>>::iterator it = ( results[i] ).begin();
          it != ( results[i] ).end(); it++ ) {
      fprintf( outfile, "%s\n", ( it->first ).c_str() );
      for ( std::vector<unsigned long int>::iterator j = ( it->second ).begin(); j != ( it->second ).end(); j++ ) {
        fprintf( outfile, "%lu\n", *j );
      }
    }
    fclose( outfile );
  }
}
 
StatusCode PerfMonAuditor::initialize() {
  if ( !m_pfm.loaded ) {
    error() << "pfm library could not be loaded" << endmsg;
    return StatusCode::FAILURE;
  }
 
  info() << "Initializing..." << endmsg;
  StatusCode sc = Auditor::initialize();
  if ( sc.isFailure() ) { return sc; }
  used_counters_number = 0;
  for ( int i = 0; i < MAX_NUMBER_OF_PROGRAMMABLE_COUNTERS; i++ ) {
    if ( event_str[i].length() > 0 ) used_counters_number++;
  }
  for ( int i = 0; i < MAX_NUMBER_OF_PROGRAMMABLE_COUNTERS; i++ ) { strcpy( event_cstr[i], event_str[i].c_str() ); }
  strcpy( prefix_cstr, prefix.c_str() );
 
  if ( m_pfm.pfm_initialize() != PFMLIB_SUCCESS ) { error() << "Cannot initialize perfmon!!" << endmsg; }
  ph_ev_count         = 0;
  first_alg           = true;
  event_count_reached = false;
  nehalem             = false;
  core                = false;
  westmere            = false;
  if ( family.compare( "CORE" ) == 0 )
    core = true;
  else if ( family.compare( "NEHALEM" ) == 0 )
    nehalem = true;
  else if ( family.compare( "WESTMERE" ) == 0 )
    westmere = true;
  else {
    error() << "ERROR: Unsupported processor family " << family << ". aborting..." << endmsg;
  }
 
  info() << "Initialized!" << endmsg;
  return StatusCode::SUCCESS;
}
 
// process_smpl_buf()
// pfm_dfl_smpl_hdr_t *hdr : pointer to header of the buffer containing addresses sampled during the sampling process
// size_t entry_size       : size of each entry, used to navigate through the various entries
// called when the sampling buffer is full, saves the samples into memory ("samples" map)
void PerfMonAuditor::process_smpl_buf( pfm_dfl_smpl_hdr_t* hdr, size_t entry_size ) {
  pfm_dfl_smpl_entry_t* ent;
  size_t                pos, count;
  uint64_t              entry;
  if ( hdr->hdr_overflows == last_overflow && hdr->hdr_count == last_count ) {
    printf( "skipping identical set of samples...\n" );
    return;
  }
  count = hdr->hdr_count;
  ent   = (pfm_dfl_smpl_entry_t*)( hdr + 1 );
  pos   = (unsigned long)ent;
  entry = collected_samples;
  while ( count-- ) {
    // if(ent->ovfl_pmd>=0 && ent->ovfl_pmd<=3)
    if ( ent->ovfl_pmd <= 3 ) {
      ( ( samples[ent->ovfl_pmd] )[( alg_stack.top().first )->name()] )[(unsigned long)( ent->ip )]++;
    }
    pos += entry_size;
    ent = (pfm_dfl_smpl_entry_t*)pos;
    entry++;
  }
  collected_samples = entry;
  last_overflow     = hdr->hdr_overflows;
  if ( last_count != hdr->hdr_count && ( last_count || last_overflow == 0 ) ) { collected_partial += hdr->hdr_count; }
  last_count = hdr->hdr_count;
  return;
}
 
// sigio_handler()
// int n                 : signal number of the signal being delivered
// siginfo_t *info       : pointer to a siginfo_t structure containing info about the signal
// signal handler used to catch sampling buffer overflows. When they occur it calls the process_smpl_buf() function
void PerfMonAuditor::sigio_handler( int /*n*/, siginfo_t* /*info*/, void* ) {
  PFMon&      pfm = PFMon::instance();
  pfarg_msg_t msg;
  int         fd = ctx_fd;
  int         r;
  if ( fd != ctx_fd ) {
    // error() << "ERROR: handler does not get valid file descriptor. Aborting..." << endmsg;
  }
  if ( pfm.pfm_read_pmds( fd, pd_smpl + 1, 1 ) == -1 ) {
    // error() << "ERROR: pfm_read_pmds: " << strerror(errno) << ". Aborting..." << endmsg;
  }
  while ( true ) {
    r = read( fd, &msg, sizeof( msg ) );
    if ( r != sizeof( msg ) ) {
      if ( r == -1 && errno == EINTR ) {
        printf( "read interrupted, retrying\n" );
        continue;
      }
      // error() << "ERROR: cannot read overflow message: " << strerror(errno) << ". Aborting..." << endmsg;
    }
    break;
  }
  switch ( msg.type ) {
  case PFM_MSG_OVFL: // the sampling buffer is full
    process_smpl_buf( hdr, entry_size );
    ovfl_count++;
    if ( pfm.pfm_restart( fd ) ) {
      if ( errno != EBUSY ) {
        // error() << "ERROR: pfm_restart error errno " << errno << ". Aborting..." << endmsg;
      } else {
        printf( "pfm_restart: task probably terminated \n" );
      }
    }
    break;
  default:
    // error() << "ERROR: unknown message type " << msg.type << ". Aborting..." << endmsg;
    break;
  }
}
 
// start_smpl()
// const ModuleDescription& desc : description of the module that is just starting its execution (we are only interested
// in its name)
// initializes all the necessary structures to start the sampling, calling pfm_self_start()
void PerfMonAuditor::start_smpl() {
  ovfl_count    = 0;
  num_smpl_pmds = 0;
  last_overflow = ~0;
  max_pmd       = 0;
  memset( &pfmlib_options, 0, sizeof( pfmlib_options ) );
  pfmlib_options.pfm_debug   = 0;
  pfmlib_options.pfm_verbose = 0;
  m_pfm.pfm_set_options( &pfmlib_options );
  ret = m_pfm.pfm_initialize();
  if ( ret != PFMLIB_SUCCESS ) {
    error() << "ERROR: Cannot initialize library: " << m_pfm.pfm_strerror( ret ) << ". Aborting..." << endmsg;
  }
  struct sigaction act;
  memset( &act, 0, sizeof( act ) );
  act.sa_sigaction = sigio_handler; // dlopen() ==>
  // act.sa_handler = (sig_t)&sigio_handler;
  sigaction( SIGIO, &act, 0 );
  memset( &ctx, 0, sizeof( ctx ) );
  memset( &buf_arg, 0, sizeof( buf_arg ) );
  memset( &inp, 0, sizeof( inp ) );
  memset( &outp, 0, sizeof( outp ) );
  memset( pd_smpl, 0, sizeof( pd_smpl ) );
  memset( pc, 0, sizeof( pc ) );
  memset( &load_args, 0, sizeof( load_args ) );
  m_pfm.pfm_get_num_counters( &num_counters );
  memset( &params, 0, sizeof( params ) );
  memset( &nhm_params, 0, sizeof( nhm_params ) );
 
  for ( int i = 0; i < used_counters_number; i++ ) {
    ret = m_pfm.pfm_find_full_event( event_cstr[i], &inp.pfp_events[i] );
    if ( ret != PFMLIB_SUCCESS ) {
      error() << "ERROR: cannot find event: " << event_cstr[i] << ". Aborting..." << endmsg;
    }
  }
  inp.pfp_dfl_plm     = PFM_PLM3;
  inp.pfp_event_count = 4;
  for ( int i = 0; i < used_counters_number; i++ ) {
    if ( inv[i] ) {
      ( params.pfp_core_counters[i] ).flags |= PFM_CORE_SEL_INV;
      ( nhm_params.pfp_nhm_counters[i] ).flags |= PFM_NHM_SEL_INV;
    }
    if ( cmask[i] > 0 ) {
      ( params.pfp_core_counters[i] ).cnt_mask    = cmask[i];
      ( nhm_params.pfp_nhm_counters[i] ).cnt_mask = cmask[i];
    }
  }
  if ( nehalem || westmere ) {
    ret = m_pfm.pfm_dispatch_events( &inp, &nhm_params, &outp, NULL );
  } else {
    ret = m_pfm.pfm_dispatch_events( &inp, &params, &outp, NULL );
  }
  if ( ret != PFMLIB_SUCCESS ) {
    error() << "ERROR: cannot configure events: " << m_pfm.pfm_strerror( ret ) << ". Aborting..." << endmsg;
  }
  for ( unsigned int i = 0; i < outp.pfp_pmc_count; i++ ) {
    pc[i].reg_num   = outp.pfp_pmcs[i].reg_num;
    pc[i].reg_value = outp.pfp_pmcs[i].reg_value;
  }
  for ( unsigned int i = 0; i < outp.pfp_pmd_count; i++ ) {
    pd_smpl[i].reg_num = outp.pfp_pmds[i].reg_num;
    if ( i ) {
      pfm_bv_set( pd_smpl[0].reg_smpl_pmds, pd_smpl[i].reg_num );
      if ( pd_smpl[i].reg_num > max_pmd ) { max_pmd = pd_smpl[i].reg_num; }
      num_smpl_pmds++;
    }
  }
  for ( int i = 0; i < used_counters_number; i++ ) {
    pd_smpl[i].reg_flags |= PFM_REGFL_OVFL_NOTIFY | PFM_REGFL_RANDOM;
    pfm_bv_copy( pd_smpl[i].reg_reset_pmds, pd_smpl[i].reg_smpl_pmds, max_pmd );
    pd_smpl[i].reg_value       = (uint64_t)( sp[i] * -1 );
    pd_smpl[i].reg_short_reset = (uint64_t)( sp[i] * -1 );
    pd_smpl[i].reg_long_reset  = (uint64_t)( sp[i] * -1 );
    pd_smpl[i].reg_random_seed = 5;    // tocheck
    pd_smpl[i].reg_random_mask = 0xff; // tocheck
  }
  entry_size       = sizeof( pfm_dfl_smpl_entry_t ) + ( num_smpl_pmds << 3 );
  ctx.ctx_flags    = 0;
  buf_arg.buf_size = 3 * getpagesize() + 512;
  ctx_fd           = m_pfm.pfm_create_context( &ctx, (char*)FMT_NAME, &buf_arg, sizeof( buf_arg ) );
  if ( ctx_fd == -1 ) {
    if ( errno == ENOSYS ) {
      error() << "ERROR: Your kernel does not have performance monitoring support! Aborting..." << endmsg;
    }
    error() << "ERROR: Can't create PFM context " << strerror( errno ) << ". Aborting..." << endmsg;
  }
  buf_addr = mmap( NULL, buf_arg.buf_size, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, ctx_fd, 0 );
  if ( buf_addr == MAP_FAILED ) {
    error() << "ERROR: cannot mmap sampling buffer: " << strerror( errno ) << ". Aborting..." << endmsg;
  }
  hdr = (pfm_dfl_smpl_hdr_t*)buf_addr;
  if ( PFM_VERSION_MAJOR( hdr->hdr_version ) < 1 ) {
    error() << "ERROR: invalid buffer format version. Aborting..." << endmsg;
  }
  if ( m_pfm.pfm_write_pmcs( ctx_fd, pc, outp.pfp_pmc_count ) ) {
    error() << "ERROR: pfm_write_pmcs error errno " << strerror( errno ) << ". Aborting..." << endmsg;
  }
  if ( m_pfm.pfm_write_pmds( ctx_fd, pd_smpl, outp.pfp_pmd_count ) ) {
    error() << "ERROR: pfm_write_pmds error errno " << strerror( errno ) << ". Aborting..." << endmsg;
  }
  load_args.load_pid = getpid();
  if ( m_pfm.pfm_load_context( ctx_fd, &load_args ) ) {
    error() << "ERROR: pfm_load_context error errno " << strerror( errno ) << ". Aborting..." << endmsg;
  }
  ret = fcntl( ctx_fd, F_SETFL, fcntl( ctx_fd, F_GETFL, 0 ) | O_ASYNC );
  if ( ret == -1 ) { error() << "ERROR: cannot set ASYNC: " << strerror( errno ) << ". Aborting..." << endmsg; }
  ret = fcntl( ctx_fd, F_SETOWN, getpid() );
  if ( ret == -1 ) { error() << "ERROR: cannot setown: " << strerror( errno ) << ". Aborting..." << endmsg; }
  // pfm_self_start(ctx_fd); ==>
  m_pfm.pfm_start( ctx_fd, NULL );
}
 
// stop_smpl()
// const ModuleDescription& desc : description of the module that just finished its execution (we are only interested in
// its name)
// stops the sampling and calls process_smpl_buf() one last time to process all the remaining samples
void PerfMonAuditor::stop_smpl() {
  m_pfm.pfm_self_stop( ctx_fd );
  process_smpl_buf( hdr, entry_size );
  close( ctx_fd );
  ret = munmap( hdr, buf_arg.buf_size );
  if ( ret ) { error() << "Cannot unmap buffer: %s" << strerror( errno ) << endmsg; }
  return;
}
 
// finalize_smpl()
// processes the sampling results in order to find library and offset of each sampled address, using the symbol() and
// tosymbol() functions,
// and then dumps the new found information into gzipped output files, to be processed later
void PerfMonAuditor::finalize_smpl() {
  int err;
  for ( int i = 0; i < used_counters_number; i++ ) {
    std::string filename = prefix_cstr;
    filename += '_';
    filename += event_cstr[i];
 
    for ( auto& c : filename )
      if ( c == ':' ) c = '-';
 
    if ( inv[i] ) filename += "_INV_1";
    if ( cmask[i] > 0 ) filename += "_CMASK_" + std::to_string( cmask[i] );
    filename += ".txt.gz";
 
    gzFile outfile = gzopen( filename.c_str(), "wb" );
    if ( outfile != NULL ) {
      if ( nehalem ) {
        gzprintf( outfile, "NHM " );
      } else if ( westmere ) {
        gzprintf( outfile, "WSM " );
      } else if ( core ) {
        gzprintf( outfile, "CORE " );
      }
      if ( gzprintf( outfile, "%s %d %d %d\n", event_cstr[i], cmask[i], inv[i], sp[i] ) <
           (int)strlen( event_cstr[i] ) ) {
        error() << "ERROR: gzputs err: " << gzerror( outfile, &err ) << ". Aborting..." << endmsg;
      }
      for ( std::map<std::string, std::map<unsigned long, unsigned int>>::iterator it = samples[i].begin();
            it != samples[i].end(); it++ ) {
        unsigned long long sum = 0;
        for ( std::map<unsigned long, unsigned int>::iterator jt = ( it->second ).begin(); jt != ( it->second ).end();
              jt++ ) {
          sum += jt->second;
        }
        if ( gzprintf( outfile, "%s%%%llu\n", ( it->first ).c_str(), sum ) < (int)( ( it->first ).length() ) ) {
          error() << "ERROR: gzputs err: " << gzerror( outfile, &err ) << ". Aborting..." << endmsg;
        }
        for ( std::map<unsigned long, unsigned int>::iterator jt = ( it->second ).begin(); jt != ( it->second ).end();
              jt++ ) {
          char sym_name[SYM_NAME_MAX_LENGTH];
          bzero( sym_name, SYM_NAME_MAX_LENGTH );
          const char* libName;
          const char* symbolName;
          int         libOffset = 0;
          int         offset    = 0;
          void*       sym_addr  = IgHookTrace::tosymbol( (void*)( jt->first ) );
          if ( sym_addr != NULL ) {
            bool success = IgHookTrace::symbol( sym_addr, symbolName, libName, offset, libOffset );
            if ( success ) {
              if ( symbolName != NULL && strlen( symbolName ) > 0 ) {
                strcpy( sym_name, symbolName );
                strcat( sym_name, " " );
              } else {
                strcpy( sym_name, "??? " );
              }
              if ( libName != NULL && strlen( libName ) > 0 ) {
                strcat( sym_name, libName );
                strcat( sym_name, " " );
              } else {
                strcat( sym_name, "??? " );
              }
              sprintf( sym_name + strlen( sym_name ), "%d ", libOffset );
              if ( strlen( sym_name ) <= 0 ) { error() << "ERROR: Symbol name length is zero. Aborting..." << endmsg; }
            } else {
              strcpy( sym_name, "??? ??? 0 " );
            }
          } else {
            strcpy( sym_name, "??? ??? 0 " );
          }
          if ( gzprintf( outfile, "%s %d\n", sym_name, jt->second ) < (int)strlen( sym_name ) ) {
            error() << "ERROR: gzputs err: " << gzerror( outfile, &err ) << endmsg;
          }
        }
      }
    } else {
      error() << "ERROR: Could not open file: " << filename << ". Aborting..." << endmsg;
    }
    gzclose( outfile );
  }
}
 
StatusCode PerfMonAuditor::finalize() {
  if ( sampling == 0 )
    finalizepm();
  else
    finalize_smpl();
  return Auditor::finalize();
}
 
void PerfMonAuditor::before( StandardEventType evt, INamedInterface* alg ) {
  switch ( evt ) {
  case IAuditor::Initialize:
    i_beforeInitialize( alg );
    break;
  case IAuditor::Execute:
    i_beforeExecute( alg );
    break;
  default:
    break;
  }
  return;
}
 
void PerfMonAuditor::after( StandardEventType evt, INamedInterface* alg, const StatusCode& ) {
  switch ( evt ) {
  case IAuditor::Initialize:
    i_afterInitialize( alg );
    break;
  case IAuditor::Execute:
    i_afterExecute( alg );
    break;
  default:
    break;
  }
  return;
}
 
void PerfMonAuditor::i_beforeInitialize( INamedInterface* ) {}
 
void PerfMonAuditor::i_afterInitialize( INamedInterface* ) {}
 
void PerfMonAuditor::i_beforeExecute( INamedInterface* alg ) {
  if ( !alg ) return;
  // info() << "before:inside! " << alg->name() << endmsg;
  if ( first_alg ) {
    first_alg      = false;
    first_alg_name = alg->name();
    // info() << "first_alg_name= " << alg->name() << endmsg;
  }
  if ( !event_count_reached ) {
    if ( !first_alg_name.compare( alg->name() ) ) {
      ph_ev_count++;
      // info() << "EVENT COUNT: " << ph_ev_count << endmsg;
      if ( ph_ev_count == start_at_event ) {
        event_count_reached = true;
        // info() << "!!! EVENT COUNT REACHED: " << ph_ev_count << endmsg;
      }
    }
  }
  if ( event_count_reached ) {
    // info() << "before:inside! " << alg->name() << endmsg;
 
    if ( !alg_stack.empty() ) {
      if ( sampling == 0 )
        pausepm(); // pausing father algorithm counting
      else
        stop_smpl();
    }
    ++m_indent;
    std::vector<unsigned long int> zeroes( 4, 0 );
    alg_stack.push( std::make_pair( alg, zeroes ) );
    if ( sampling == 0 )
      startpm();
    else
      start_smpl();
  }
}
 
void PerfMonAuditor::i_afterExecute( INamedInterface* alg ) {
  if ( !alg ) { return; } // info() << "after:inside! " << alg->name() << endmsg;
 
  if ( event_count_reached ) {
    // info() << "after:inside! " << alg->name() << endmsg;
 
    if ( sampling == 0 )
      stoppm();
    else
      stop_smpl();
    alg_stack.pop();
    --m_indent;
    if ( !alg_stack.empty() ) {
      if ( sampling == 0 )
        startpm();
      else
        start_smpl(); // resuming father algorithm counting
    }
  }
}
 
DECLARE_COMPONENT( PerfMonAuditor )