ProcessDescriptor.cpp

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/***********************************************************************************\
* (c) Copyright 1998-2025 CERN for the benefit of the LHCb and ATLAS collaborations *
*                                                                                   *
* This software is distributed under the terms of the Apache version 2 licence,     *
* copied verbatim in the file "LICENSE".                                            *
*                                                                                   *
* In applying this licence, CERN does not waive the privileges and immunities       *
* granted to it by virtue of its status as an Intergovernmental Organization        *
* or submit itself to any jurisdiction.                                             *
\***********************************************************************************/
#ifndef __APPLE__
static const long TICK_TO_100NSEC = 100000;
#endif // not __APPLE__
 
namespace System {
  enum ProcessInfoCommand {
    ProcessBasicInformation,
    ProcessQuotaLimits,
    ProcessIoCounters,
    ProcessVmCounters,
    ProcessTimes,
    ProcessBasePriority,
    ProcessRaisePriority,
    ProcessDebugPort,
    ProcessExceptionPort,
    ProcessAccessToken,
    ProcessLdtInformation,
    ProcessLdtSize,
    ProcessDefaultHardErrorMode,
    ProcessIoPortHandlers, // Note: this is kernel mode only
    ProcessPooledUsageAndLimits,
    ProcessWorkingSetWatch,
    ProcessUserModeIOPL,
    ProcessEnableAlignmentFaultFixup,
    ProcessPriorityClass,
    ProcessWx86Information,
    ProcessHandleCount,
    ProcessAffinityMask,
    ProcessPriorityBoost,
    MaxProcessInfoClass, //
    ProcessEllapsedTime
  };
}
#ifdef _WIN32
#  define strcasecmp _stricmp
#  define strncasecmp _strnicmp
#  define NOMSG
#  define NOGDI
#  include <process.h>
#  include <windows.h>
#  define getpid _getpid
namespace NtApi {
  //__declspec(dllimport) long __stdcall NtQueryInformationProcess(
  //  typedef __declspec(dllimport) long __stdcall (*__NtQueryInformationProcess)(
  //  extern "C" long __cdecl NtQueryInformationProcess(
 
  typedef long( WINAPI* __NtQueryInformationProcess )(
 
      void* ProcessHandle, long ProcessInformationClass, void* ProcessInformation,
      unsigned long ProcessInformationLength, unsigned long* ReturnLength );
  __NtQueryInformationProcess NtQueryInformationProcess;
};    // namespace NtApi
#else // UNIX...: first the EGCS stuff, then the OS dependent includes
#  define WINVER 0
#  include <cstdio>
#  include <errno.h>
#  include <fcntl.h>
#  include <iostream>
#  include <libgen.h>
#  include <sstream>
#  include <string>
#  include <sys/signal.h>
#  include <sys/syscall.h>
#  include <sys/times.h>
#  include <sys/types.h>
#  include <unistd.h>
#  ifndef __APPLE__
#    include <sys/procfs.h>
#  endif
#  include <cstdio>
#  include <sys/resource.h>
#  include <sys/time.h>
 
/* Format of the Linux proc/stat (man 5 proc, kernel 2.6.35):
 pid %d      The process ID.
 
 comm %s     The  filename  of the executable, in parentheses.  This is visible
             whether or not the executable is swapped out.
 
 state %c    One character from the string "RSDZTW" where R is  running,  S  is
             sleeping in an interruptible wait, D is waiting in uninterruptible
             disk sleep, Z is zombie, T is traced or stopped (on a signal), and
             W is paging.
 
 ppid %d     The PID of the parent.
 
 pgrp %d     The process group ID of the process.
 
 session %d  The session ID of the process.
 
 tty_nr %d   The controlling terminal of the process.  (The minor device number
             is contained in the combination of bits 31 to 20 and 7 to  0;  the
             major device number is in bits 15 t0 8.)
 
 tpgid %d    The ID of the foreground process group of the controlling terminal
             of the process.
 
 flags %u (%lu before Linux 2.6.22)
             The kernel flags word of the process.  For bit meanings,  see  the
             PF_*  defines  in  <linux/sched.h>.   Details depend on the kernel
             version.
 
 minflt %lu  The number of minor faults the process has  made  which  have  not
             required loading a memory page from disk.
 
 cminflt %lu The  number of minor faults that the process's waited-for children
             have made.
 
 majflt %lu  The number of  major  faults  the  process  has  made  which  have
             required loading a memory page from disk.
 
 cmajflt %lu The  number of major faults that the process's waited-for children
             have made.
 
 utime %lu   Amount of time that this process has been scheduled in user  mode,
             measured  in  clock  ticks  (divide by sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK).  This
             includes guest time, guest_time (time spent running a virtual CPU,
             see  below),  so that applications that are not aware of the guest
             time field do not lose that time from their calculations.
 
 stime %lu   Amount of time that this process  has  been  scheduled  in  kernel
             mode, measured in clock ticks (divide by sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK).
 
 cutime %ld  Amount  of  time that this process's waited-for children have been
             scheduled in  user  mode,  measured  in  clock  ticks  (divide  by
             sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK).   (See  also times(2).)  This includes guest
             time, cguest_time (time spent running a virtual CPU, see below).
 
 cstime %ld  Amount of time that this process's waited-for children  have  been
             scheduled  in  kernel  mode,  measured  in  clock ticks (divide by
             sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK).
 
 priority %ld
             (Explanation for Linux 2.6)  For  processes  running  a  real-time
             scheduling  policy (policy below; see sched_setscheduler(2)), this
             is the negated scheduling priority, minus one; that is,  a  number
             in  the  range -2 to -100, corresponding to real-time priorities 1
             to 99.  For processes running  under  a  non-real-time  scheduling
             policy, this is the raw nice value (setpriority(2)) as represented
             in the kernel.  The kernel stores nice values as  numbers  in  the
             range 0 (high) to 39 (low), corresponding to the user-visible nice
             range of -20 to 19.
 
             Before Linux 2.6, this was a scaled value based on  the  scheduler
             weighting given to this process.
 
 nice %ld    The  nice value (see setpriority(2)), a value in the range 19 (low
             priority) to -20 (high priority).
 
 num_threads %ld
             Number of threads in this process (since Linux 2.6).  Before  ker‐
             nel  2.6,  this  field was hard coded to 0 as a placeholder for an
             earlier removed field.
 
 itrealvalue %ld
             The time in jiffies before the next SIGALRM is sent to the process
             due  to  an interval timer.  Since kernel 2.6.17, this field is no
             longer maintained, and is hard coded as 0.
 
 starttime %llu (was %lu before Linux 2.6)
             The time in jiffies the process started after system boot.
 
 vsize %lu   Virtual memory size in bytes.
 
 rss %ld     Resident Set Size: number of pages the process has in real memory.
             This  is  just  the pages which count towards text, data, or stack
             space.  This does not include pages which have  not  been  demand-
             loaded in, or which are swapped out.
 
 rsslim %lu  Current  soft  limit  in  bytes on the rss of the process; see the
             description of RLIMIT_RSS in getpriority(2).
 
 startcode %lu
             The address above which program text can run.
 
 endcode %lu The address below which program text can run.
 
 startstack %lu
             The address of the start (i.e., bottom) of the stack.
 
 kstkesp %lu The current value of ESP (stack pointer), as found in  the  kernel
             stack page for the process.
 
 kstkeip %lu The current EIP (instruction pointer).
 
 signal %lu  The  bitmap  of  pending  signals,  displayed as a decimal number.
             Obsolete, because it does not  provide  information  on  real-time
             signals; use /proc/[pid]/status instead.
 
 blocked %lu The  bitmap  of  blocked  signals,  displayed as a decimal number.
             Obsolete, because it does not  provide  information  on  real-time
             signals; use /proc/[pid]/status instead.
 
 sigignore %lu
             The  bitmap  of  ignored  signals,  displayed as a decimal number.
             Obsolete, because it does not  provide  information  on  real-time
             signals; use /proc/[pid]/status instead.
 
 sigcatch %lu
             The  bitmap  of  caught  signals,  displayed  as a decimal number.
             Obsolete, because it does not  provide  information  on  real-time
             signals; use /proc/[pid]/status instead.
 
 wchan %lu   This  is the "channel" in which the process is waiting.  It is the
             address of a system call, and can be looked up in  a  namelist  if
             you   need   a   textual   name.    (If  you  have  an  up-to-date
             /etc/psdatabase, then try ps -l to see the WCHAN field in action.)
 
 nswap %lu   Number of pages swapped (not maintained).
 
 cnswap %lu  Cumulative nswap for child processes (not maintained).
 
 exit_signal %d (since Linux 2.1.22)
             Signal to be sent to parent when we die.
 
 processor %d (since Linux 2.2.8)
             CPU number last executed on.
 
 rt_priority %u (since Linux 2.5.19; was %lu before Linux 2.6.22)
             Real-time scheduling priority, a number in the range 1 to  99  for
             processes  scheduled under a real-time policy, or 0, for non-real-
             time processes (see sched_setscheduler(2)).
 
 policy %u (since Linux 2.5.19; was %lu before Linux 2.6.22)
             Scheduling policy (see sched_setscheduler(2)).  Decode  using  the
             SCHED_* constants in linux/sched.h.
 
 delayacct_blkio_ticks %llu (since Linux 2.6.18)
             Aggregated  block  I/O  delays, measured in clock ticks (centisec‐
             onds).
 
 guest_time %lu (since Linux 2.6.24)
             Guest time of the process (time spent running a virtual CPU for  a
             guest  operating  system),  measured  in  clock  ticks  (divide by
             sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK).
 
 cguest_time %ld (since Linux 2.6.24)
             Guest time of the process's  children,  measured  in  clock  ticks
             (divide by sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK).
*/
struct linux_proc {
  int                pid;
  char               comm[400];
  char               state;
  int                ppid;
  int                pgrp;
  int                session;
  int                tty;
  int                tpgid;
  unsigned long      flags;
  unsigned long      minflt;
  unsigned long      cminflt;
  unsigned long      majflt;
  unsigned long      cmajflt;
  unsigned long      utime;
  unsigned long      stime;
  long               cutime;
  long               cstime;
  long               priority;
  long               nice;
  long               num_threads;
  long               itrealvalue;
  unsigned long long starttime;
  unsigned long      vsize;
  long               rss;
  unsigned long      rlim;
  unsigned long      startcode;
  unsigned long      endcode;
  unsigned long      startstack;
  unsigned long      kstkesp;
  unsigned long      kstkeip;
  unsigned long      signal;
  unsigned long      blocked;
  unsigned long      sigignore;
  unsigned long      sigcatch;
  unsigned long      wchan;
};
 
#  ifdef __APPLE__
// static long  pg_size = 0;
#  else
static long pg_size = sysconf( _SC_PAGESIZE ); // getpagesize();
#  endif
void readProcStat( long pid, linux_proc& pinfo ) {
 
  ssize_t cnt;
  int     fd;
  char    buf[512];
 
  std::ostringstream ost;
 
  ost << "/proc/" << pid << "/stat";
  std::string fname = ost.str();
  if ( ( fd = open( fname.c_str(), O_RDONLY ) ) < 0 ) {
    std::cerr << "Failed to open " << ost.str() << std::endl;
    return;
  }
 
  lseek( fd, 0, SEEK_SET );
  if ( ( cnt = read( fd, buf, sizeof( buf ) - 1 ) ) < 0 ) {
    std::cout << "LINUX Read of Proc file failed:" << std::endl;
    close( fd );
    return;
  }
 
  // Format
  if ( cnt > 0 ) {
    buf[cnt] = '\0';
    sscanf(
        buf,
        // 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   20  1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9
        // 30  1   2   3   4   5
        "%d %400s %c %d %d %d %d %d %lu %lu %lu %lu %lu %lu %lu %ld %ld %ld %ld %ld %ld %llu %lu %ld %lu %lu %lu %lu "
        "%lu %lu %lu %lu %lu %lu %lu",
        &pinfo.pid, pinfo.comm, &pinfo.state, &pinfo.ppid, &pinfo.pgrp, &pinfo.session, &pinfo.tty, &pinfo.tpgid,
        &pinfo.flags, &pinfo.minflt, &pinfo.cminflt, &pinfo.majflt, &pinfo.cmajflt, &pinfo.utime, &pinfo.stime,
        &pinfo.cutime, &pinfo.cstime, &pinfo.priority, &pinfo.nice, &pinfo.num_threads, &pinfo.itrealvalue,
        &pinfo.starttime, &pinfo.vsize, &pinfo.rss, &pinfo.rlim, &pinfo.startcode, &pinfo.endcode, &pinfo.startstack,
        &pinfo.kstkesp, &pinfo.kstkeip, &pinfo.signal, &pinfo.blocked, &pinfo.sigignore, &pinfo.sigcatch,
        &pinfo.wchan );
  }
  close( fd );
}
#endif
 
// static long s_myPid  = ::getpid();
// In order to properly support e.g. fork() calls, we cannot keep a copy of the pid!
 
#ifndef __APPLE__
static inline long processID( long pid ) { return ( pid > 0 ) ? pid : ( ::getpid() ); }
#endif // not __APPLE__
 
#include "ProcessDescriptor.h"
#include <GaudiKernel/ModuleInfo.h>
#include <GaudiKernel/System.h>
 
System::ProcessDescriptor::ProcessHandle::ProcessHandle( long pid ) {
  if ( pid > 0 ) {
    if ( pid != ::getpid() ) {
#ifdef _WIN32
      m_handle = ::OpenProcess( PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION | PROCESS_VM_READ, FALSE, pid );
#else
      // Note: the return type of getpid is pid_t, which is int on 64bit machines too
      m_handle = reinterpret_cast<void*>( static_cast<long>( ::getpid() ) );
#endif
      m_needRelease = true;
      return;
    }
  }
  m_handle      = processHandle();
  m_needRelease = false;
}
 
System::ProcessDescriptor::ProcessHandle::~ProcessHandle() {
  if ( m_needRelease ) {
#ifdef _WIN32
    ::CloseHandle( m_handle );
#else
    m_handle = nullptr;
#endif
  }
}
 
System::ProcessDescriptor::ProcessDescriptor() {
#ifdef _WIN32
  static bool first = true;
  if ( first ) {
    first    = false;
    void* mh = ::LoadLibrary( "NTDll.dll" );
    if ( mh ) {
      NtApi::NtQueryInformationProcess =
          ( NtApi::__NtQueryInformationProcess )::GetProcAddress( (HINSTANCE)mh, "NtQueryInformationProcess" );
    }
  }
#endif
}
 
System::ProcessDescriptor::~ProcessDescriptor() {}
 
long System::ProcessDescriptor::query( long pid, InfoType fetch, IO_COUNTERS* info ) {
  if ( info == 0 ) return 0;
  long status = 1;
 
  if ( fetch == IO ) {
#if defined( _WIN32 ) && WINVER >= 0x0400 // Windows NT
    ProcessHandle h( pid );
    status = NtApi::NtQueryInformationProcess( h.handle(), ProcessIoCounters, info, sizeof( IO_COUNTERS ), 0 );
    status = ( status == 0 ) ? 1 : 0;
#elif defined( _WIN32 ) // Windows 95,98...
#elif defined( __linux )
    linux_proc prc;
    readProcStat( processID( pid ), prc );
    rusage usage;
    getrusage( RUSAGE_SELF, &usage );
    info->ReadOperationCount  = usage.ru_inblock;
    info->WriteOperationCount = usage.ru_oublock;
    info->OtherOperationCount = 0;
    info->ReadTransferCount   = usage.ru_inblock;
    info->WriteTransferCount  = usage.ru_oublock;
    info->OtherTransferCount  = 0;
#else  // All Other
    if ( pid ) {}
#endif // End ALL OS
  }
  return status;
}
 
long System::ProcessDescriptor::query( long pid, InfoType fetch, POOLED_USAGE_AND_LIMITS* info ) {
  if ( info == 0 ) return 0;
  long status = 1;
 
  if ( fetch == Quota ) {
#if defined( _WIN32 ) && WINVER >= 0x0400 // Windows NT
    ProcessHandle h( pid );
    status = NtApi::NtQueryInformationProcess( h.handle(), ProcessPooledUsageAndLimits, info,
                                               sizeof( POOLED_USAGE_AND_LIMITS ), 0 );
    status = ( status == 0 ) ? 1 : 0;
#elif defined( _WIN32 )  // Windows 95,98...
#elif defined( __linux ) // Linux
    // rusage usage;
    // getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF, &usage);
    rlimit lim;
 
    getrlimit( RLIMIT_DATA, &lim );
    if ( lim.rlim_max == RLIM_INFINITY ) lim.rlim_max = 0xFFFFFFFF;
    info->PeakPagedPoolUsage = lim.rlim_cur;
    info->PagedPoolUsage     = lim.rlim_cur;
    info->PagedPoolLimit     = lim.rlim_max;
 
    getrlimit( RLIMIT_STACK, &lim );
    if ( lim.rlim_max == RLIM_INFINITY ) lim.rlim_max = 0xFFFFFFFF;
    info->PeakNonPagedPoolUsage = lim.rlim_cur;
    info->NonPagedPoolUsage     = lim.rlim_cur;
    info->NonPagedPoolLimit     = lim.rlim_max;
 
    linux_proc prc;
    readProcStat( processID( pid ), prc );
    info->PeakPagefileUsage = prc.rss * pg_size;
    info->PagefileUsage     = prc.rss * pg_size;
    info->PagefileLimit     = 0xFFFFFFFF;
#elif defined( __APPLE__ )
    if ( pid ) {}
#else  // All Other
    if ( pid ) {}
#endif // End ALL OS
  }
 
  return status;
}
 
long System::ProcessDescriptor::query( long pid, InfoType fetch, long* info ) {
 
  if ( info == 0 ) return 0;
  long status = 1;
 
  switch ( fetch ) {
  case PriorityBoost:
#if defined( _WIN32 ) && WINVER >= 0x0400 // Windows NT
    ProcessHandle h( pid );
    status = NtApi::NtQueryInformationProcess( h.handle(), ProcessPriorityBoost, info, sizeof( long ), 0 );
#elif defined( _WIN32 ) // Windows 95,98...
    if ( pid ) {}
#else
    // Not applicable
    if ( pid > 0 ) status = 0; // to avoid compiler warning
    status                = 0;
    *info                 = 0;
#endif // End ALL OS
    status = ( status == 0 ) ? 1 : 0;
    break;
  default:
    status = -1;
    *info  = -1;
    break;
  }
  return status;
}
 
long System::ProcessDescriptor::query( long pid, InfoType fetch, VM_COUNTERS* info ) {
  if ( info == 0 ) return 0;
  long status = 1;
 
  if ( fetch == Memory ) {
#if defined( _WIN32 ) && WINVER >= 0x0400 // Windows NT
    ProcessHandle h( pid );
    status = NtApi::NtQueryInformationProcess( h.handle(), ProcessVmCounters, info, sizeof( VM_COUNTERS ), 0 );
    status = ( status == 0 ) ? 1 : 0;
#elif defined( _WIN32 )  // Windows 95,98...
#elif defined( __linux ) // Linux
    const ssize_t bufsize = 1024;
    char          buf[bufsize];
    pid = processID( pid );
    sprintf( buf, "/proc/%ld/statm", pid );
    long    size, resident, share, trs, lrs, drs, dt;
    int     fd    = open( buf, O_RDONLY );
    ssize_t nread = read( fd, buf, bufsize );
    close( fd );
    if ( nread < bufsize && nread >= 0 ) buf[nread] = '\0';
    fd = sscanf( buf, "%ld %ld %ld %ld %ld %ld %ld", &size, &resident, &share, &trs, &drs, &lrs, &dt );
    linux_proc prc;
    readProcStat( pid, prc );
    info->PeakVirtualSize            = prc.vsize;
    info->VirtualSize                = prc.vsize;
    info->PeakWorkingSetSize         = resident * pg_size;
    info->WorkingSetSize             = resident * pg_size;
    info->QuotaPeakPagedPoolUsage    = share * pg_size;
    info->QuotaPagedPoolUsage        = share * pg_size;
    info->QuotaNonPagedPoolUsage     = ( trs + drs ) * pg_size; // drs = data/stack size
    info->QuotaPeakNonPagedPoolUsage = ( trs + drs ) * pg_size; // trs = VmExe size
    info->PageFaultCount             = prc.majflt + prc.minflt;
    info->PagefileUsage              = prc.vsize - resident * pg_size;
    info->PeakPagefileUsage          = prc.vsize - resident * pg_size;
#elif defined( __APPLE__ )
    if ( pid ) {}
#else  // All Other
    if ( pid ) {}
#endif // End ALL OS
  }
  return status;
}
 
long System::ProcessDescriptor::query( long pid, InfoType fetch, QUOTA_LIMITS* info ) {
  if ( info == 0 ) return 0;
  long status = 1;
 
  if ( fetch == Quota ) {
#if defined( _WIN32 ) && WINVER >= 0x0400 // Windows NT
    ProcessHandle h( pid );
    status = NtApi::NtQueryInformationProcess( h.handle(), ProcessQuotaLimits, info, sizeof( QUOTA_LIMITS ), 0 );
    status = ( status == 0 ) ? 1 : 0;
#elif defined( _WIN32 )  // Windows 95,98...
#elif defined( __linux ) // Linux
    // On linux all this stuff typically is not set
    // (ie. rlim_max=RLIM_INFINITY...)
 
    if ( pid > 0 && pid != ::getpid() ) return 0; // only possible for myself
 
    rlimit lim;
    getrlimit( RLIMIT_DATA, &lim );
    if ( lim.rlim_max == RLIM_INFINITY ) lim.rlim_max = 0xFFFFFFFF;
    info->PagedPoolLimit = lim.rlim_max;
 
    getrlimit( RLIMIT_STACK, &lim );
    if ( lim.rlim_max == RLIM_INFINITY ) lim.rlim_max = 0xFFFFFFFF;
    info->NonPagedPoolLimit     = lim.rlim_max;
    info->MinimumWorkingSetSize = 0;
 
    getrlimit( RLIMIT_RSS, &lim );
    if ( lim.rlim_max == RLIM_INFINITY ) lim.rlim_max = 0xFFFFFFFF;
    info->MaximumWorkingSetSize = lim.rlim_max;
 
    getrlimit( RLIMIT_AS, &lim );
    if ( lim.rlim_max == RLIM_INFINITY ) lim.rlim_max = 0xFFFFFFFF;
    info->PagefileLimit = lim.rlim_max;
 
    getrlimit( RLIMIT_CPU, &lim );
    if ( lim.rlim_max == RLIM_INFINITY ) lim.rlim_max = 0xFFFFFFFF;
    info->TimeLimit = lim.rlim_max;
#elif defined( __APPLE__ )
    if ( pid ) {}
#else  // All Other
    if ( pid ) {}
#endif // End ALL OS
  }
  return status;
}
 
long System::ProcessDescriptor::query( long pid, InfoType fetch, PROCESS_BASIC_INFORMATION* info ) {
  if ( info == 0 ) return 0;
  long status = 1;
 
  if ( fetch == ProcessBasics ) {
#if defined( _WIN32 ) && WINVER >= 0x0400 // Windows NT
    ProcessHandle h( pid );
    status = NtApi::NtQueryInformationProcess( h.handle(), ProcessBasicInformation, info,
                                               sizeof( PROCESS_BASIC_INFORMATION ), 0 );
    status = ( status == 0 ) ? 1 : 0;
#elif defined( _WIN32 )  // Windows 95,98...
#elif defined( __linux ) // Linux
    linux_proc prc;
    pid = processID( pid );
    readProcStat( pid, prc );
    info->ExitStatus     = 0;
    info->PebBaseAddress = (PPEB)prc.startcode;
    info->BasePriority   = 2 * 15 - prc.priority;
    // std::cout << "Base Priority=" << info->BasePriority << "|"
    // << prc.priority << std::endl;
    info->AffinityMask = prc.flags;
    // std::cout << "Flags        =" << info->AffinityMask << "|"
    // << prc.flags << std::endl;
    info->UniqueProcessId              = pid;
    info->InheritedFromUniqueProcessId = prc.ppid;
#else                    // All Other
    if ( pid ) {}
#endif                   // End ALL OS
  }
  return status;
}
 
long System::ProcessDescriptor::query( long pid, InfoType fetch, KERNEL_USER_TIMES* info ) {
  if ( info == 0 ) return 0;
  long status = 1;
 
  if ( fetch == Times ) {
#if defined( _WIN32 ) && WINVER >= 0x0400 // Windows NT
    ProcessHandle h( pid );
    status = NtApi::NtQueryInformationProcess( h.handle(), ProcessTimes, info, sizeof( KERNEL_USER_TIMES ), 0 );
    status = ( status == 0 ) ? 1 : 0;
#elif defined( _WIN32 )  // Windows 95,98...
#elif defined( __linux ) // Linux
    static long long prc_start         = 0;
    bool             myself            = pid <= 0 || pid == ::getpid(); // avoid unnecessary calls to getpid if pid<0
    if ( myself && prc_start == 0 ) {                                   // called only once to set prc_start
      linux_proc prc;
      readProcStat( processID( pid ), prc );
      // prc.startup is in ticks since system start, need to offset for absolute time
      tms              tmsb;
      static long long offset =
          100 * static_cast<long long>( time( nullptr ) ) - static_cast<long long>( times( &tmsb ) );
      prc_start = ( prc.starttime + offset ) * TICK_TO_100NSEC;
    }
 
    if ( myself ) { // myself
      tms tmsb;
      times( &tmsb );
      info->UserTime   = tmsb.tms_utime * TICK_TO_100NSEC;
      info->KernelTime = tmsb.tms_stime * TICK_TO_100NSEC;
      info->CreateTime = prc_start;
    } else { // other process
      linux_proc prc;
      readProcStat( processID( pid ), prc );
      tms              tmsb;
      static long long offset =
          100 * static_cast<long long>( time( nullptr ) ) - static_cast<long long>( times( &tmsb ) );
 
      tms t;
      times( &t );
      info->UserTime   = t.tms_utime * TICK_TO_100NSEC;
      info->KernelTime = t.tms_stime * TICK_TO_100NSEC;
      info->CreateTime = ( prc.starttime + offset ) * TICK_TO_100NSEC;
    }
    info->ExitTime = 0;
 
    status = 1;
 
#elif defined( __APPLE__ )
    if ( pid ) {}
// FIXME (MCl): Make an alternative function get timing on OSX
// times() seems to cause a segmentation fault
#else // no /proc file system: assume sys_start for the first call
    tms              tmsb;
    static clock_t   sys_start = times( 0 );
    static long long offset    = 100 * long long( time( 0 ) ) - sys_start;
    clock_t          now       = times( &tmsb );
    info->CreateTime           = offset + now;
    info->UserTime             = tmsb.tms_utime;
    info->KernelTime           = tmsb.tms_stime;
    info->CreateTime *= TICK_TO_100NSEC;
    info->UserTime *= TICK_TO_100NSEC;
    info->KernelTime *= TICK_TO_100NSEC;
    info->ExitTime = 0;
    status         = 1;
#endif
  }
 
  return status;
}